Charismatic Theology - 2760 Words

The charismatic movement1 began within the historic churches in the 1950s. On the American scene it started to attract broad attention in 1960, with the national publicity given to the ministry of the Reverend Dennis Bennett, an Episcopalian in Van Nuys, California. Since then there has been a continuing growth of the movement within many of the mainline churches: first, such Protestant churches as Episcopal, Lutheran, and Presbyterian; second, the Roman Catholic (beginning in 1967); and third, the Greek Orthodox (beginning about 1971).2 by now the charismatic movement has become worldwide and has participants in many countries As one involved in the movement since 1965, I should like to set forth a brief profile of it.3 A profile of the†¦show more content†¦The Pentecostal/Charismatic movement is heavily splintered; the number of groups within this movement number in the tens of thousands. We can, however, examine the major groups of the movement. Pentecostalism and its offshoots can be divided into three groups: â€Å"Classical† Pentecostals, those who are members of the standard Pentecostal groups, most of which originated in the first quarter of the twentieth century; the Charismatics, or those in other denominations who received the â€Å"baptism of the Holy Spirit;† and the so-called â€Å"Neo-Charismatics,† the groups formed in the last half of the century, most of which are not affiliated with the Pentecostal denominations. We will examine the â€Å"classical† Pentecostal groups in more detail; it will suffice to say for the Charismatics that they are present in the majority of the denominations of Christendom, normally having their own associations as part of their denominations â€Å" We must first examine the â€Å"pre-Pentecostal† era, the time before 1901. Many churches received the message of the Holiness movement, which stemmed from Wesleyan theology. Many of these groups were looking forward to a â€Å"renewal of the Holy Spirit,† when the gifts present on the day of Pentecost would return to the churches. Many of these Holiness groups became Pentecostal after the turn of theShow MoreRelatedCharismatic Theology Essay3541 Words   |  15 PagesResearch Paper Of â€Å"A Select Issue in Contemporary Theology: Charismatic Theology. THEO 510-C03 LUO (Fall 2012) Survey of Christian Doctrine Dr. Eunice Abogunrin, Professor Liberty Baptist Theological Seminary Carol H. Montgomery (ID# 24993689) November 11, 2012 CONTENTS COVER PAGE 1 CONTENTS 2 THESIS 3 INTRODUCTION 3 CHARSMATIC GIFTS DEBATE 3-12 CONCLUSION 12 BIBLIOGRAPHY 13 INTRODUCTION This research paper will show that biblical referred to asRead MoreThe Charismatic Theology Of St. Luke988 Words   |  4 PagesRoger Stronstad’s book The Charismatic Theology of St. Luke opens wide the vast work of the Holy Spirit within Luke’s two-part book Luke/Acts and points out Luke’s intent to present the full activity of the Holy Spirit from beginning to end. In fact, Stronstad writes, â€Å"[The] concentration of references to the Holy Spirit in the Gospel of Luke demonstrates that the topic of the Spirit is historically and theologically of more interest to Luke than it is to the other evangelists† (Stronstad 39-40)Read MoreSummary Of The Charismatic Theology Of Luke-Acts1428 Words   |  6 PagesIn The Charismatic Theology of St. Luke, Robert Stronstad adduces a succinct interpretation of the significance of Holy Spirit according to Lukan theology. He examines both the Spirit’s activity in Luke-Acts and the implications of the Gift of t he Spirit in empowering, equipping, and commissioning of God’s people for service. The text is separated into six sections covering â€Å"the Holy Spirit in Luke-Acts†, â€Å"the Holy Spirit in the Old Testament†, â€Å"the Holy Spirit in the Gospel of Luke†, â€Å"The Holy SpiritRead MoreThe Biblical Interpretation Of Exodus And Song Of Solomon 793 Words   |  4 Pagescharacteristic of Jia Yuming` s allegorical biblical interpretation, and to explore the contribution of his exegesis in Chinese Christian theology. Jia Yuming`s allegorical interpretation was influenced by several theological schools. He graduated from Presbyterian seminary, and had reformed theology background, then he influenced by pietistic theology and Charismatic movement, and then turned to allegorical exegesis. In this paper, we will use Jia Yuming` s interpretation of Exodus and Song of SolomonRead MoreGod The Spirit By Beth Felker2164 Words   |  9 Pageslives (64). This cooperative grace that Wesleyans embrace include three different manifestations of that grace: prevenient, justifying and sanctifying. The prevenient grace emphasizes the love of God that is made available to all (whereas in Reformed theology only God’s elect have access to saving grace), while the justifying grace initiates sanctification which is a life long journey towards Christian Perfection. This idea of perfection which is unique to Wesleyansism takes seriously the promise andRead MoreBook Critique -- Paul, the Spirit, and the People o f God1636 Words   |  7 PagesSYSTEMATIC THEOLOGY LIBERTY BAPTIST THEOLOGICAL SEMINARY BY EDDIE H FINCH – 22458150 LYNCHBURG, VA THEURSDAY, SEPTEMBER 19, 2013 1 In Paul, the Spirit, and the People of God, Gordon Fee outlines a theology of the Spirit in the Divine Trinity, the basis within Scripture for the experience of the Spirit, and the interaction of the two. Fee, a Pentecostal scholar, â€Å"redefines the terms of discussion about the Holy Spirit in a way that transcends today’s paradigm of ‘charismatic’ or ‘non-charismatic’Read MoreUnusual Phenomena That Took Place Under God s Divine Spirit1593 Words   |  7 Pageshe notes, â€Å"People encounter God in Christ through the (ecclesial) fellowship of the Holy Spirit first, and then are launched on the path of purification, long before they begin theorizing about soteriology and the fall.† (Pinnock, 23). Renewal Theology/The age of Charismata According to Pinnock he states, â€Å"At Pentecost a ruptured and broken world would begin to heal. People from all over the world came together and began to understand one another. A community was formed, full of differences andRead MorePastoral Care And Pastoral Counseling Process1805 Words   |  8 Pagescounseling process What is the relationship between theology and the work of pastoral care and counseling? The theological reflection on pastoral care and the pastoral counseling process have several directions one may take. I believe that this topic is huge and I am going swam around it because it is not my subject of interest. I believed that theology is the heart which we discourse about God. But remember every one of us have its own theology sort of. Each person has some idea about the natureRead MoreMy Knowledge And Understanding Of The Holy Spirit3498 Words   |  14 PagesMy knowledge and understanding of the Holy Spirit began later than would be expected for someone who was raised in the church since birth. I grew up in a tradition that, due to fears over the exaltation of emotionality in some charismatic movements, responded by practically ignoring the third part of the Trinity. While I knew the three names that made up the Trinity, the Holy Spirit was some forgotten concept that languish ed because revealing it might lead to excess. In some ways, I think that fearRead MoreAnalysis Of Paul Basden s A Congenial Way 1500 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding an apology for charismatic worship. This worship style has an emphasis on spiritual spontaneity. Williams begins by documenting the history of the charismatic movement. From the charismatic renewal to the â€Å"Third Wave†, Williams shows the roots of this movement in an attempt to validate for worshipers today. After examining its history, Williams turns to set forth its theological heart. He states that charismatic worship is Trinitarian. Williams says, â€Å"Charismatic worship, then, finds its

Pro-Life The Opposite of Pro-Death Essay - 891 Words

Pro-Life: The Opposite of Pro-Death Careful attention to the truth has never been standard operating procedure for pro-abortion advocates. Therefore, it should not be any suprise that half-truths, and misrepresentations, and many outright lies have permeated the pro-abortion propaganda campaign. Pro-choice is just a phrase used by people who know the absurdity of legal abortions and infanticide. Pro-life advocates have a more simple and straight forward approach: Pro-life is not the opposite of pro-choice, but the opposite of pro-death. Pro-choice is an escape from the harsh reality that abortion is the murder of millions of innocent lives. Activists also believe that killing infants because they are severely†¦show more content†¦While I continue to keep this oath unviolated, may it be granted to me to enjoy life and the practice of the art, respected by all men, in all times, but should I trespass and violate this oath, may the reverse be my lot.† Physicians are required to live by these ethics, yet everyday these ethics are violated. The law allows this oath to be broken. What does one do when a law completely contradicts all of your ethical and moral codes: personally as well as professionally? Every year the students of my high school host the Wyoming County Special Olympics- a day of fun, a day of laughter. As a sophomore I was very hesitant to volunteer for this activity. Some of the teachers and other students convinced me this would be a worthwhile project. We let the handicapped students put on our school uniforms, we taught them to throw and catch, and did everything possible to entertain them. In that one day, I received more blessings through the eyes of those children than in all of the other days of the year. My friends and I started the day by feeling sorry for the children. This attitude -sad and depressed - soon changed to pride and happiness. They may be disabled in some ways, but their love of life is contagious and heart warming. These special children are people just like us: they do not want or need our pity and they deserve an equal chance to live their lives to the fullest. Seeing the happinessShow MoreRelated The Abortion Controversy Essay1423 Words   |  6 Pagesethics topic, abortion, has two main proponents. The first is the view against abortion, also known as pro-life. The other view is rooted upon the belief of being pro-choice, or basically for abortions. These two different views are like two mathematical principles, in that although these two views have many differences, they also have larger similarities in the background. For example, when pro-choice activists support abortions due to unwanted pregnancies, the activists are not rallying behind theRead More The Word Of Belief Is Someone s Feeling That Something?1438 Words   |  6 Pages the second group of people is Pro-Life who insistently tries to abolish and to prevent any act of abortion. However, another group of people as known as Pro-Choice totally supports and agrees that women have the rights to do abortion. Therefore, these significant opposite sides, Pro-Life and Pro-Choice, have their own beliefs and strong arguments about the abortion, but there is absolutely a place of compromise between two of them in a general real-life. Pro-Life is a group of people who definitelyRead MorePro Life vs Pro Choice772 Words   |  4 PagesSacchetti Professor Brenza Essay-2 March 17th 2015 Pro-life vs. Pro-choice The issue of abortion in the United States will always be a controversial one. Developing two sides of the debate, pro-life and pro-choice. Pro-life are the individuals who do not believe in the option of abortion. Pro-choice are the individuals who believe every woman has the choice to go through with their pregnancy or to not. Despite their contrasts, pro-life and pro-choice explore valid ideas of religion, law and healthRead MorePro Life And Pro Choice1649 Words   |  7 Pagestoday’s society you are either a Pro-life or a Pro-choice, there is not a middle ground. Pro-life are individuals who believe abortion is immoral and should be stop for the wellbeing of women and unborn babies. In contrast, the Pro-choice individuals do not necessarily promote abortion, they just believe women should be the ones to make decisions over their bodies and health. Although the two main sides of the abortion debate have concerns for human life, pro-life activists worries more about theRe ad MoreBureau Of Justice Statistics : The United States Primary Source For Criminal Justice1439 Words   |  6 Pagesbetween imposition of death sentence and execution. The site was revised the same date of access, therefore the information is up to date and would be useful. Death Penalty: Pros and Cons ProCon.org. n.p.13 Apr. 2009. Web. 25 Nov. 2014. ProCon.org is a nonprofit public charity. It provides resources for critical thinking without bias. The information in the site is balanced, comprehensive, straightforward, transparent, and primarily pro-con format. The website provides the pros and cons statementsRead MoreAbortion: Pro Life vs Pro Choice Essay1748 Words   |  7 PagesAbortion: Pro-Life vs. Pro-Choice Abortion: Pro-Life Vs. Pro-Choice â€Å"Abortion is the spontaneous or artificially induced expulsion of an embryo or fetus† (Abortion, 2002). An artificially induced abortion is the type referred to in the legal context. Abortions happen in different situations. The question comes when is it the right or wrong choice. The root question becomes the moment a fetus becomes a person and entitled to rights. The fetus could be a person at conception, duringRead MoreThe Pro Life Supporters Believe Abortions1602 Words   |  7 Pagesmorally wrong in my eyes, it does not mean that they are wrong for everyone because we all have a different life growing up, different beliefs and views, and this is why we argue, or debate over issues and come to a compromise. The pro-life supporters believe abortions is wrong because of religious beliefs, life starts at the moment of consumption, and the dangers of abortions; while, the pro- choice supports argue that abortions is okay because it ends unwanted pregnancies, preg nancies that wouldRead MoreCivil Court Case Of Roe V. Wade1332 Words   |  6 PagesSupreme Court case of Roe v. Wade, that the two sides that are known today as Pro-Choice and Pro-Life emerged as the names of the people fighting for each of their thoughts and beliefs. Why does any battle, fight, or war start? Well, because two sides cannot get what they each want. One wants freedom of choice and the other wants the baby’s life to matter more than the choice of termination. By 1965, it looked like Pro-Life was winning because all fifty states of America made it illegal to have anRead MoreRoe V. Wade: The Issue of Abortion1259 Words   |  6 PagesRoe V Wade court case came about and the resulting arguments for and against abortion that ensued. Norma McCorvey was a young impressionable person who did not have the best of circumstances with regards to her upbringing as well as her early adult life. She had a very difficult childhood and ended up dropping out of school. She took a job with a traveling carnival in an effort to make ends meet. One evening when the show was in Georgia, she was assaulted by a group of men, was raped, and later foundRead MoreIs Abortion Immoral And Murder?1391 Words   |  6 Pagesbecause they consider a fetus to be a human being. The people that believe this are called pro-life believers. Then there are those that believe that a woman should be able to do what she thinks is right for her, those people are called pro-choice believers. The point of this essay will be to persuade you into taking the side of the people that believe in pro-choice. In this essay I will mitigate statements said by pro-lifers because I believe that a woman should be the one to decide what happens to her

Tesla’s Integration of Marketing Communications free essay sample

Tesla Motors Inc. gained widespread attention by producing the Tesla Roadster in 2008, the first federally-compliant electric vehicle. The roadster is also impressive because of its sports car design. Tesla then followed in summer of 2012 with the release of the Model S in the United States, which is a fully electric luxury sedan. Tesla Motors was founded in 2003 by a group of intrepid Silicon Valley engineers who set out to prove that electric vehicles could be awesome (Tesla. com, 2013). They currently have 31 stores across the United States and in European and Asian countries and are working to expand to other locations. Tesla designs, develops, manufactures and sells electric vehicles and advanced electric vehicle powertrain components. Tesla owns its sales and service network. In addition to developing its Model S and future vehicle manufacturing capabilities at the Tesla Factory, the company is designing, developing and manufacturing lithium-ion battery packs, electric motors, gearboxes and components both for its vehicles and for its original equipment manufacturer customers (NYTimes. com, 2013). After 10 years, the company posted profits for the first time during the first quarter of 2013. Even Tesla’s business model is, in stark contrast to its competitors, wholly of the 21st century. Instead of sprawling dealerships eating up entire neighborhoods, it employs â€Å"galleries† in downtowns and malls to show off its product. Knowledgeable representatives are on hand to teach and demonstrate the unique features and requirements of a luxury long-range electric car; these salespersons bear little resemblance to the commission hounding â€Å"vultures† that embody the traditional auto dealer to many. Instead, once they have given you all the information you want to know, you leave. You customize and order your car online, which Tesla will deliver to your door, unless you prefer factory pickup. No middleman, no inefficiency. A straight-forward exchange between consumer and producer (Coppage, 2013). Tesla’s operations present an interesting cost structure with this model. While they do have fixed costs to operate their stores and service centers, they do not have high overhead for production since the cars are manufactured on-demand with customized  features based on the orders, so there is not a large surplus of inventory at any one time. Automobile manufacturing is an industry that values economies of scale and requires the production of hundreds of thousand cars to cover the fixed costs of research and development, engineering, manufacturing, marketing, and distribution. According to Tesla’s 2012 10K report, they market and sell cars directly to the consumers thr ough an international network of their company-owned stores and galleries. The Tesla stores are highly visible, in premium outlets in major metropolitan markets. Tesla’s believes that by owning their own sales and service network they can offer a compelling experience while achieving operating efficiencies and capturing sales and service revenues incumbent automobile manufacturers do not enjoy in the traditional franchise distribution and service model. Their customers deal directly with Tesla employed sales and service staff, creating what they believe is a differentiated buying experience from the buying experience consumers have with franchised automobile dealers and service centers. Tesla also believes they are able to control costs of inventory, manage warranty service and pricing, will strengthen the Tesla brand, and obtain rapid customer feedback. Further, by owning their sales network they can avoid the conflict of interest in the traditional dealership structure inherent to most incumbent automobile manufacturers where the sale of warranty parts and repairs by a dealer are a key source of revenue and profit for the dealer but often are an expense for the vehicle manufacturer (Tesla, 2013). Tesla has adopted principal marketing goals: Generate demand for our vehicles and drive leads to our sales team Build long-term brand awareness and manage corporate reputation Manager or existing customer base to create loyalty and customer referrals; and Enable customer input into the product and development process As the first company to commercially produce a federally-compliant, fully electric vehicle that achieves market-leading range on a single charge, Tesla has been able to generate significant media coverage for the company and their vehicles, and believe they will continue to do so. To date, media coverage and word of mouth have been the primary drivers of their sales leads and have helped to achieve sales without traditional advertising and at relatively low marketing costs. They use traditional means of advertising including product placement in a variety of media outlets and pay-per-click advertisements on websites and applications relevant to their target demographics (Tesla, 2013). Tesla set a major milestone this month; they became the third biggest luxury car seller, behind only the Mercedes E Class and BMW 5 series. That’s an extraordinary achievement for a brand that didn’t even exist a few years ago. So how did they do it? Well certainly the car has gotten highly positive reviews, but few have really took notice of their radical marketing technique at the center of Tesla’s sales strategy. According to Forbes, it is the strangest car showrooms of any car maker in the world. They are not located along main roads like every other car dealer; they are in shopping malls – right alongside brands like Bloomingdale’s, and See’s Candy. Secondly, the showrooms are only the size of a small shop, often only squeezing in a single vehicle into the space. This radical departure from car marketing norms completely changes the traditional customer math. Most car dealerships would be lucky to get a hundred potential customers perusing the cars on their lot each day. But because of their location, Tesla gets tens of thousands of people walking right past their car, every single day (Reynolds, 2013). Incredibly, many sales have come from people who had zero interest in buying a car until they saw Tesla’s showroom. Impressed by the car’s design they could walk right and immediately talk to a sales person- rather than have to specifically drive out to a dealership. It’s been a brilliant move for Tesla, as the sales figures are demonstrating, but is it not possible that you could use the same concept to grow other types of business?

Take Me Home by One Direction free essay sample

The release of Take Me Home was a big thing among Directioners. Prior to releasing their sophomore album, the five boys of the phenomenally popular British-Irish boy band released a couple of singles- Live While Were Young and Little Things. LWWY was a preppy, youthful, rather shallow track. I wanna live while were young-a shoutout to the teenagers who have YOLO(You Only Live Once) as their motto. The music was upbeat, catchy and the video was great. As for Little Things, I think its one of the most beautiful songs ever. The lyrics, written by Ed Sheeran, make me want to smile and cry at once. They can make any girl feel beautiful. Zayn starts the songYour hand fit is into mine like its made just for me he croons in his lovely voice.As Ed had promised, it was a list of things he appreciated most about a girl,and they were the most unexpected things-freckles on your face,crinkles by you eyes when you smile. We will write a custom essay sample on Take Me Home by One Direction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He loves this girl, even though she has to squeeze into her jeans, even though she has dimples on (her) back Little Things was a totally different kind of a song-more mature than what the young members of 1D usually sing. The intro is beautiful, as is the musicslow, soft, melodious. Take Me Home was much on the lines of the first album, Up All Night. Youthful music, and all the songs are about girls. Theres Rock Me,which begins with Harry reminiscing about Summer 09. Its the chorus thats the highlight of the song, as the boys belt out I want you to rock me,rock me, rock me with zest. I Would, with its simple tune and rather childish lyrics is both hilarious and sweet.They Dont Know About Us is beautiful,a slow song as is Summer Love.All the songs have excellent music, the boys voices sound perfect- and quite a few have good lyrics to boot. (Think Change My Mind, Over Again,Last First Kiss).On the down side, the boys havent grown up much since UANso their music is appealing mostly to teenage girls. But then again, thats the target audience- and God, dont they love 1D! After all, they sing what every teen girl wants to hear- be it Youre perfect to me( Little Things) or You dont know youre beautiful(What Makes You Beautiful from UAN)or Let me be your last first kiss(Last First Kiss).The boys, with their maddeningly good looks,amazing voices and awesome personalities have most young girls falling in love with them! Take Me Home by One Direction free essay sample â€Å"Take Me Home†? More like Throw Me Out. The second album by popular Brit ­ish boy band, One Direction, was met with much anticipation from screaming teenage girls. Sadly, it does not meet the hype. It doesnt live up to â€Å"Up All Night.† â€Å"Take Me Home† is more mechanical. The rhythm is unsophisticated. Simply put, its a disappointment. The album doesnt take any particular vocal risks, and the boys voices are essentially  ­interchangeable, with the exception of Zayn Malik, who  ­experiences a few breakout  ­moments. As if the one voice for five people isnt terrible enough, One Direction fuels the fire with ridiculous lyrics. â€Å"I cant compete with your boyfriend/ Hes got 27 tattoos,† Louis Tomlinson croons in â€Å"I Would.† One really cant blame them for the concepts in the songs. In the world of boy bands, there really isnt much to sing about, as exemplified in the lyrics of â€Å"Kiss You. We will write a custom essay sample on Take Me Home by One Direction or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page † â€Å"If you dont want to take it slow/And you just wanna take me home/Baby say yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah, yeah.† One Direction sees no reason to get off their merry-go-round of incredibly cheesy, sappy love songs. Why should they? People are buying the album, right? The horrible fact is that One Direction wants to be taken  ­seriously. They hope â€Å"Little Things,† an Ed Sheeran collaboration, will do this for them. This is the one song that attempts to diverge from their current path, but unfortunately it falls flat. The lyrics are laughably awkward in the groups hands. However, with lines like â€Å"You never want to know how much you weigh/You still have to squeeze into your jeans,† its hard to take them seriously. If this is their best attempt at a meaningful song, they should stick with their generic pop. â€Å"Take Me Home† has half-baked ballads that attempt to, but never do, become the new Chicken Soup for the Teenage Soul. The album, available in normal and yearbook editions, is an absolute waste of a perfectly good hour. In conclusion, One Direction dug their own grave with this vocally and lyrically lacking sophomore album. Its a random mix of upbeat songs with a few ballads thrown in. â€Å"Take Me Home† is a forgettable mash of nonsensical lyrics that never seem to match their peppy music.

Legal Process The Pursuit of Victory Versus the Pursuit of Truth free essay sample

Supreme Court Justice Warren Burger once remarked that if he were innocent he would prefer to be tried by a civil law court, but if he were guilty he would prefer to be tried by a common law court. Since â€Å"the facts† are an important (absolutely fundamental) premise in reaching any practical conclusion about parties’ legal responsibilities, the fact-finding – or rather the fact-proving – structure of a legal system has a very significant effect on the outcome. Although academics can discuss problems from an omniscient â€Å"eye of God† perspective, the real world cannot; if a party cannot â€Å"prove† a fact to whatever standard, and by whatever means, the legal system requires then it might as well have never happened. Early legal procedures attempted to overcome this handicap by relying on divine intervention to protect or support the party in the â€Å"right† – methods of proof that we would now find distasteful and unacceptable. We will write a custom essay sample on Legal Process: The Pursuit of Victory Versus the Pursuit of Truth or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Every legal system must therefore work with a reconstructed model of reality, the content of which is determined by the rules of procedure and evidence (but which should ideally furnish the most accurate approximation possible of what actually happened? ) The processes for establishing your legal rights, and providing remedies for breaches of them, do in a very practical way determine what your rights actually are in any given case. In the Liberal Democrat model outlined earlier, we now expect that that these processes will be fair and consistent with the ideals of a just system. There are two major systems for establishing fact in world legal systems: †¢ the Anglo-American adversarial (or accusatorial) system, and †¢ the Continental inquisitorial system (also referred to as the civil law) system which applies in most of the non-English speaking countries of Europe. There are, however, no purely adversarial or purely inquisitorial systems in existence;  rather there are hybrids which are to a greater or lesser degree adversarial or civil law in nature. All enlightened evidential systems are probably honest attempts to discover and protect the truth, and we should perhaps think of these alternatives as reflecting a fundamental (but not mutually exclusive) difference in approach which, in a large measure, determines the procedural and evidential processes that apply in the courts and affect the prospec t of ascertaining â€Å"the truth† in proceedings. The rival systems differ fundamentally on a key method of investigation and adjudication: reliance on the accused to furnish testimonial evidence of their guilt. The essential character of these systems was summed up by the New Zealand Law Commission in 1996 in these terms: Adversarial systems require the judge to be an impartial arbitrator of facts presented in evidence by the parties to proceedings, and imply some degree of equality between the parties. These systems are also known as accusatory, so named because a person or representative of the community makes an accusation of criminal offending against a suspect. †¦ Inquisitorial systems are systems of justice in which the judge has an investigative as well as an adjudicative role and proceeds with an inquiry on his or her own initiative (unlike adversarial systems where the parties conduct investigations and present the evidence). The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination, A discussion paper Hence the cryptic description of the difference as The Pursuit of Victory versus The Pursuit of Truth. The United Kingdom and France differed in the path that they took. At this time the court systems of both England and Europe used an adversarial system to determine who could be tried for a crime and whether they were guilty or innocent (though it lacked many, indeed most, of the hallmarks, processes and safeguards of modern adversarial systems; because of the difficulties in deciding cases, procedures such as trial by ordeal or trial by combat were accepted as legitimate ways of finding truth or settling a dispute). Unless a person were caught in the act of committing a crime, they could not be tried for a crime until they had been formally accused, either by the voluntary accusations of a sufficient number of witnesses or by an â€Å"inquest† convened specifically for that purpose(an early form of grand jury). Because it relied on the voluntary accusations of witnesses, and because the penalties for making a false accusation were severe, witnesses were often hesitant to actually make their accusations to the court, for fear of implicating themselves.. In 1198, Pope Innocent III began a reformation of the ecclesiastical courts and established the Inquisition; under this new process, an ecclesiastical magistrate no longer need a formal accusation to summon and try a defendant, but could summon and interrogate witnesses under oath on his own initiative and if their testimony accused someone of a crime, then that person could be summoned and tried. In 1215, the Fourth Lateran Council affirmed the use of the inquisitorial system and forbade clergy from holding or assisting at trials by ordeal and combat. Confession was the essential component of the inquisitorial system employed by the ecclesiastical courts. The inquisitional oath was a sworn promise by the person under inquisition to tell the truth in answer to any question put by the court – a refusal to answer or to give a sworn statement was regarded as a confession of guilt. The purpose behind the oath was to extract a confession and the sworn statement was frequently demanded without informing the defendant of the substance of the complaint, the incriminatory evidence, or the identity of his or her accusers. In England, however, from 1160 onwards, Henry II had established separate secular courts. While the ecclesiastical courts of England, like those on the continent, adopted the inquisitional system, the secular common law courts continued to operate under the adversarial system, and the adversarial principle that a person could not be tried until formally accused continued to apply for most criminal cases. In 1215 this principle became enshrined as article 38 of the Magna Carta. In the United Kingdom the common law courts eventually achieved supremacy over the ecclesiastical courts (which were thereafter limited to matters of succession, marriage and divorce and were eventually replaced by secular courts). The inquisitorial process, however, did not finally disappear from the English system until the abolition of the â€Å"Court of Star Chamber† in 1641 (by the time of Charles I it had become a byword for the misuse and abuse of power by the king and his supporters to suppress opposition to royal policies). The common law took the position that an accused should not have to incriminate him or her self by way of either an oath or information extracted through torture and must, accordingly, have the right to remain silent. (The right to remain silent was established in the United Kingdom in the 17th Century in the Case of John Lilburne, 1638) The â€Å"privilege† (as we now call it) against self-incrimination, or â€Å"the right to silence† has come to be seen as a fundamental right and there are many ancillary related doctrines that flow from this such as the presumption of innocence, the placing of the burden of proof upon the prosecutor and the standard of proof required (beyond reasonable doubt). This is also the justification for the development of the right to cross-examine an accuser. In modern inquisitorial systems, by contrast, the accused can be required to make a statement – it is usually not under oath, and he/she cannot be cross-examined on it, so it allows them to â€Å"explain† their position without any aggressive interrogation by an opposing counsel. Modern inquisitorial systems developed after the French Revolution and spread throughout Europe and many African, Asian and South American countries – they are, in fact, more numerous than the adversarial type system of the US and Commonwealth countries. The parties are contestants; due process and the  rules of evidence (including the right to silence) have been designed to ensure that the contest between the parties is conducted fairly. There is a presumption of innocence and the accuser must prove the accusation beyond reasonable doubt without the compelled assistance of the defendant. The rules of evidence are designed to ensure that only relevant and reliable information is presented to the court, rather than irrelevant information or information the proof value of which is outweighed by its prejudicial effect. The judge (and jury) knows nothing of the litigation until the parties present their case and arguments. The presiding officer plays a passive role (like an umpire in a tennis match and the outcome is determined by the skill of the players). There is an emphasis on equality of the parties because the truth is said to be best discovered by contested assertions on both sides of the question and the contest of evidence. [This is a valid methodology for the discovery of truth in any discourse – in legal proceedings however, the methodology is warped by the fact the parties are not sharing a common pursuit or testing of the truth: see The Adversary Method in Law and Philosophy by Dixon, on Learn]. A frustrated judge in an English court finally asked a barrister after witnesses had produced conflicting accounts, Am I never to hear the truth? No, my lord, merely the evidence, replied counsel. Practical Guide to Evidence Peter Murphy In criminal proceedings, the accuser has the onus of proving the accusation beyond reasonable doubt. If the prosecution fails to meet this burden, whether through ill-preparation or simply a lack of evidence, the State loses its case. The approach is essentially the same for civil trials, except that the burden of proof is lower – the judge has only to be convinced â€Å"on the balance of probabilities†. The adversarial system is also criticized by some because it cannot as satisfactorily resolve complex business, scientific and technical issues as could, say, a panel of experts given the authority to make scientific or technical findings or, say, a Commission of Enquiry into a matter of general public importance. Since the parties have considerable control over the line of inquiry and the issues to be addressed, the conclusion reached by the court cannot be necessarily equated to an objective reality. The point was recently well made in these words by an English judge at the start of his judgment in a recent complex. A lawyer assisting a client with the resolution of a dispute must keep the client advised of alternatives to litigation that are reasonably available (unless the lawyer believes on reasonable grounds that the client already has an understanding of those alternatives) to enable the client to make informed decisions regarding the resolution of the dispute. HIGH COURT RULES 2009 [NEW ZEALAND] 1. 2 Objective The objective of these rules is to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of any proceeding or interlocutory application. DISTRICT COURTS RULES 2009 1. 1 Title These rules are the District Courts Rules 2009 1. 2 Commencement These rules come into force on 1 November 2009. Part 1 Preliminary provisions 1. 3 Objective 1. 3. 1 The objective of these rules is to secure the just, speedy, and inexpensive determination of any proceeding or interlocutory application. The objective of these rules includes, so far as is practicable,— (a) ensuring that all parties are treated equally; and (b) saving expense; and (c) dealing with the case in ways that are proportionate to— (i) the importance of the case; and (ii) the complexity of the issues; and (iii) the amount of money involved; and (iv) the financial position of each party; and (d) ensuring that the case is dealt with speedily and fairly; and (e) allotting to it an appropriate share of the court’s resources, while taking into account the need to allot resources to other cases. 1. 4 Courts to give effect to objective The courts must give effect to the objective of these rules when they— (a) do any act under these rules; or (b) interpret these rules. 1. 5 Application of rules 1. 5. 1 These rules apply to— (a) civil proceedings taken in a District Court under the District Courts Act 1947; and (b) unless otherwise provided in these rules or any other enactment, othe r civil proceedings taken in a District Court or before a Judge. 1. 5. These rules do not apply to proceedings to which the Family Courts Rules 2002 apply, namely— (a) proceedings in Family Courts; or (b) proceedings in District Courts acting under— (i) section 151 of the Children, Young Persons, and Their Families Act 1989; or (ii) section 15 of the Family Courts Act 1980. 1. 5. 3 Nothing in this rule prevents the parties in a civil proceeding from applying to the court or a Registrar for an order under rule 1. 7 directing the parties to settle their dispute by mediation or other alternative dispute resolution 1. 6 Application of High Court Rules 1. 6. 1 These rules apply specified High Court Rules (for example, by listing them in the style â€Å"HCR 5. 36— authority to file documents†) and the intention is that each High Court Rule applied by these rules applies with the modifications (if any) indicated in these rules and with the other modifications necessary for District Courts. 1. 6. In general, modifications are necessary because— (a) there are jurisdictional differences between District Courts and the High Court: (b) District Courts have offices and the High Court has registries: (c) a proceeding (other than one in admiralty or defamation, or to enforce an arbitral award) will be started by filing a notice of claim, and subsequently the proceeding will follow the procedure for responses, information capsules, and notices of pursuit of claim unless a court grants leave for the parties to follow the High Court procedure for statements of claim or originating applications: (d) new forms called information capsules are to be exchanged by the parties: (e) judicial settlement conferences and judicial directions conferences are provided for under these rules rather than case management conferences. 1. 6. In applying a High Court Rule that uses a term or expression that is defined in these rules (for example, court), the term or expression has the meaning given by these rules unless these rules otherwise provide or the context otherwise requires. 1. 6. 4 In applying a High Court Rule that refers to another provision of or to a form prescribed by those rules, that other provision or form also applies for the purposes of these rules unless these rules otherwise provide or the context otherwise requires. 1. 6. 5 For example, in High Court Rules applied by rule 3. 44 of these rules (service generally),— (a) a reference to a statement of claim will have to be read as a reference to a notice of claim if the proceeding is or has been pursued under rules. Reference to a statement of defence will have to be read as a reference to a response if the proceeding is or has been pursued under those rules. 1. 7 Mediation or other alternative dispute resolution 1. 7. 1 The parties in a proceeding may apply at any time to the court or a Registrar for an order directing the parties to attempt to settle their dispute by an agreed form of mediation or other alternative dispute resolution specified in the order. 1. 7. 2 The court or Registrar may make the order only by consent of the parties. 1. 7. 3 The fact that the parties are actively pursuing settlement may be taken into account by the court or Registrar in considering an application by 1 or more of the parties for an extension of time under rule 1. 18.

Chernobyl Accident essays

Chernobyl Accident essays On April 26th, 1986 the worlds worst nuclear power accident occurred at Chernobyl in Russia. At 1:23 am, reactor number 4 became out of control creating a fireball explosion which blew off the reactor's heavy steel and concrete lid. The Chernobyl nuclear power plant located 80 miles north of Kiev and had 4 reactors. While testing reactor number 4 for numerous safety issues, many of them were disregarded. First, the Chernobyl incident can well be blamed on its unexpected lack of safety. Obviously the workers failed to recognize the undetected warnings. What seems like common sense, given it was a nuclear power plant, Chernobyl exploded like a two-ton firework. To me, the violation of procedures brought upon a deserved consequence. Death was to be likely, and its deliberate mourning was heard. Although an incident like this could have been prevented, Im almost relieved it happened, for the reason that, we now can foresee problems before they occur. We behold this disaster in our memories and weve learned from this negative mistake. Another safety issue thats at fault was the bad communication. I think that when it comes to hazardous materials, that could injure thousands of people, communication should be at its best. Its such a shame to see a perfect environment, one day beautiful, and the next a disaster area. Farmland, water supply, and citizens homes: all destroyed from something that could have been prevented. Still sixteen years later, radiation flows in our air and contamination leaks through our earth. Russia exclaimed this wasnt a huge deal, but what about the kids who now live there? The radiation and uranium just didnt disappear. The people of this land have to cultivate and farm on contaminated soil. I believe that many of us Americans take our every day life for granted. When we go to the supermarket to buy our milk, eggs, and ...

-How did the experience of colonialism affect Latin American Essay

-How did the experience of colonialism affect Latin American development and was this overcome with independence - Essay Example Independence of the once colony regions dictates the process in which the country will eventually develop (Brown & Paquette, 2013, p 19). In some extends, independence actively pushes the region towards positive development whereas in other scenarios, it retards the development, plunging the region into a world of chaos. This study leads towards understanding the impacts of colonization and influence of independent in postcolonial Latin America. The origin of the term Latin America is itself an illustration of the influence of colonialism in the southerner region of America. The region got the name from the establishment that its colonizing powers were the Spanish and Portuguese speaking countries. The region encompasses present day countries such as the islands of Suriname, Jamaica, Haiti and Guyana, as well as, Argentina, Mexico, Peru, Ecuador, Paraguay and southern part of the United States (Andrien, 2002, p 67). Before the arrival of these influential powers from Europe, the region in the 15th and early 16th centuries consisted of virtually indigenous people. Additionally, it is notable that the region had vastly advanced civilizations, although not to the sophistication level as was the European countries at the time. Some of the notable cultures regarded as advanced include the Aztec, Inca and Maya cultures, and origins of the people. However, through the processes of arrival of the foreigners who later colonized the region, it underwent several changes, experiences, and consequences, emerging as the Latin America region (Galeano & Belfrage, 1998, p 87). The impacts and influences of the colonial period on the region are vast. Additionally, the year also formulated the basis for the establishment of the independence wars and eventual independence of the region. During the colonial period, the immigration activity within the region consisted of mainly